American Assassin, directed
by Michael Cuesta, (2017)
Narrative
After what was suppose to be a romantic vacation in Ibiza with his girlfriend. Mitch Rapp and his girlfriend were involved in a terrorist act in which Rapp's girlfriend died from. Consumed with vengeance Rapp sets out to find the terrorist and kill him, involving himself with an anti-terrorist group from where he hunts terrorists and kills them.
Enigma Codes
Teaser trailers are made to show what is going to happen in the film and also to show what is not going to happen in the film. By this i mean we are told the story line of the trailer, however they leave out crucial parts of the film which make the audience excited to see the film. The trailer is 2 minutes 27 seconds long. American Assassin is packed full of enigmas to what the characters back stories are and how the film will play out.
Furthermore the shot is a shallow focus, which means we can only see his face and therefore the audience are only given his face as a start of the movie. This conveys that the movie is about him. This shot creates questions like why is he sad? Who is he?
This first shot intrigues the audience as it the very first image of the teaser and therefore by seeing the characters emotions it causes the viewers to try and divulge whats wrong with him.
These types of questions start to arise when we watch the teaser trailer.
Character establishment and representation.
1.Mitch Rapp,( Dylan O'brien)Mitch Rapp is the very first person that is introduced to us in the trailer. This implies that he is a main character in the film and also that he holds the film together.
This is the very first shot of the trailer. It is a close up of Mitch who is a main character of the film. The close up suggests to the audience that we are suppose to be feeling how he feels which implies that hes a very emotional character and probably driven to do anything because of his emotions. Furthermore we see that he has an out grown beard and mustache which illustrates that he hasn't taken the effort to groom himself and keep himself neat. This further highlights that his personality is very lazy and not bothered by little things.
The next shot we see of Mitch is obviously from a later date however the background suggest that he hasn't gone far or even moved as he is still in the same place. this shot showing him to be in the same place as the shot before shows that he hasn't gone out much and has kept himself to himself. Furthermore you can see that there is a different emotion on his face. The shot it still a closeup which suggest that the director is still urging us the audience to look at his emotion and his facial expressions.
In the picture it shows Mitch to be very tired which implies that he isn't sleeping as much as what he use to be. Furthermore his previous expression was sadness now its more revenge.
During this shot we see Mitch in a flash back which implies to the audience that he thinking about what has happened in the past. This gets the audience to ask questions like, What has happened to him to make him so upset?
During the flash back we are also introduced to another character. The way that Mitch is holding the Girl suggests that they're in love with each other. This camera angle is a medium shot and the shot has conveniently been placed next to the scene of Mitch waking up because it implies to the audience that she may have something to do with him not being able to sleep.
During the flash back we are also introduced to another character. The way that Mitch is holding the Girl suggests that they're in love with each other. This camera angle is a medium shot and the shot has conveniently been placed next to the scene of Mitch waking up because it implies to the audience that she may have something to do with him not being able to sleep.
This shot is a long shot of Mitch working out. This is significant to the trailer as it also gives little bits of detail on Mitch's character. From the previous shots we have seen of Mitch we see a transformation. During the first shot he is sad and sitting on the bed. During the second shot he is also sitting but he looks sleep deprived and very angry.However once we get to this shot we see that he has got a lot of energy and is working out on the pull up bar. This also conveys a message of strength to his personality and also suggests that when he gets knocked down he gets back up.
In this close up of Mitch we see that he is holding a gun. This is an upgrade from the knives that he was throwing at the piece of paper from earlier in the trailer. This shows a further progression to his personality because now he is out of the house and in a completely different location. However he wears very neutral colours, implying that hes still very emotionally unstable. The idea of him being emotionally unstable conveys hat he has a very dark side to him. This is further suggested from the fact that hes holding a gun in his hand. During this scene we see Mitch shooting the gun at targets from far away. The shot is here to represent that Mitch is very skillful and it also suggests another trait that he has which is dedication because from when we saw him a the start of the trailer it was clear to see that he had never shot a gun in his life. Therefore leading the audience to link some of the plot together as to why he has turned his life to shooting people.
Furthermore during the trailer you barely hear him speak when he is by himself suggesting that hes isolating himself from others. This is further implied because you never see Mitch meet up with a family member or a friend.
In every shot we see a medium shot or close up of Mitch, this implies that we don't know anything about him. Also the medium shots illustrate to the audience that he's not all their mentally and emotional and has obviously been driven over the edge from some sort of traumatic experience.
2. Katrina,(Charlotte Vega)
Katrina is the second character to be introduced and this is via Mitch's flashback. This implies that both their characters are connected.
In this shot we get a medium, long shot of Katrina this establishes her to the audience as a key character to the story line. The fact that Mitch is seeing her in his flashback implies that she is his love interest. Furthermore they are on a beach together implying that they're on holiday. In the shot we see light colour which represent hope and serenity. This illustrates her personality to be cheerful and calming. The outside of the frame is faded into black which implies that there's a darkness around the scene. That there's something bad about to happen. Furthermore it also illustrates that her character is the light in the darkness for Mitch.
Furthermore during the trailer you barely hear him speak when he is by himself suggesting that hes isolating himself from others. This is further implied because you never see Mitch meet up with a family member or a friend.
In every shot we see a medium shot or close up of Mitch, this implies that we don't know anything about him. Also the medium shots illustrate to the audience that he's not all their mentally and emotional and has obviously been driven over the edge from some sort of traumatic experience.
2. Katrina,(Charlotte Vega)
Katrina is the second character to be introduced and this is via Mitch's flashback. This implies that both their characters are connected.
This is the last shot of Katrina that we get. The shot is a medium shot of Katrina and shes to the right of the screen. There's still a black edge around the flashback which continues to suggest to the audience that it is a flashback, but also that the darkness is growing around Katrina.
The shots after are of a shooter pointing a gun in what the audience presume to be Katrina's direction and therefore we put one and two together.
Katrina's character is an enigma to the audience and not a lot is known about her.
3. The shooter
The next character to be introduced is "the shooter". The shooter is an unknown character and this is the only shot we see of him in the teaser. The shot is a medium long shot and it shows him holding a gun up and shooting it. This suggests that he is a criminal to the audience because he is shooting in a public place. Furthermore the gun in his hand also suggests that he is dangerous and cold blooded. The fact that we don't see a lot of this character in the trailer implies that the audience shouldn't know who he is till the film is released.
4. Irene Kennedy, (Sanaa Lathan)
We see this character 40 seconds into the trailer. The shot we see is a medium shot of her in the center of the screen. The first look at her appearance suggests that shes very high up in her career because she dressed smartly and looks very successful and elegant. Furthermore the colour of the walls behind her are blue. The colour blue implies loyalty and truth. This conveys that she is very trustworthy and this shot helps align the audience with her because they know trust her because the colours imply to us that we should.
Furthermore from the continue on of the trailer we realize she is speaking with Mitch, which coveys that they are both going to work together and that they both trust each other.
5. Stan Hurley,(Micheal Keaton)
Stan Hurley in the trailer is represented to be a hit man. who goes and help Mitch become a killer to find the guy that killed his girlfriend.
We get a glimpse of the character as a first fight. However we don't fully see him and he is lurking in the shadows of the room. Because we see him in the shadows this implies to the audience that hes a mystery and also shows that he is sinister and cold blooded. From what we can highlight from the trailer of Stan he is a healthy man who regularly works out. This is implied from him having an exercise room in his house. Furthermore that also implies that hes lonely.
Editing and Camera Techniques.
The very first thing we see as we play the teaser trailer is the film productions company label, this only last a couple of seconds and goes straight into a close up of the first character, who is Mitch. The shot is a close-up of Mitch, which is very rare in trailers, normally film makers do long shots of the characters so you can see all of them.However because it is a close up the director has choose this shot type for a reason, which may be so the audience don't fully understand Mitch. Furthermore the camera starts close into his face and a zoom out is done. The zoom out is used to clarify to the audience that hes not in the right mind and isn't thinking about what hes doing. More over the zoom also implies that the further we get away from him the more we will know about him and we will learn everything about him.
The editing to the next scene is very sharp and the outside of the shot is in darkness which implies that it is one of his flashbacks. Furthermore the cut getting into his flash back is very shaky which implies that he is not comfortable with his memories and he hasn't had a happy life.
The next Thing we see is the current imagine being the main back ground and another shot plays over the top. This editing technique is used to show how Mitch isn't thinking straight and that he is in his own world. We then get a close up of Mitch's government papers. The camera is very steady however the shot quickly cuts to another angle of Mitch's government papers. During editing of the movie a dark outer ring has been placed around the outside of the shot to yet again illustrate to the audience that it is a flashback.
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During the beach scene when Mitch is trying to find his girlfriend on the beach there are a lot of dissolves within the shots. This further used to show the mayhem in the scenes. Also the shot is a medium, tracking shot following his movement so its as if the audience are moving with him. Furthermore the dissolve over the original image suggests that Mitch is living in a daze.
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The next type of editing technique we get is a shot reverse shot.The first shot is a high angle looking down on Mitch being interviewed. This shot is used to signify that the camera is like a security camera, also it makes the audience feel like they are watching everything that Mitch does. The next shot type we get is an over the shoulder shot of Irene Kennedy, who the audience resume to be a main character in the film. Through the other the shoulder shot the audience feel on Mitch's side and start to align themselves with him. The scene swiftly cuts to a close up of Mitch staring directly into the camera. This shot makes it look like Mitch is staring at us through the camera. Mitch has a slight grin on his face which implies to the audience that he is very mischievous.
The next couple of shots withing the trailer move at a slow pace to show that Mitch is gradually working his way up to complete his mission. Furthermore it suggests that he is still planning out his mission and also taking to to make sure that everything will be right and in order. This say a lot for Mitch's characters persona because it illustrates him to be a careful well prepared man.
When the teaser trailer starts to come to the end the pace of the editing yet again speeds up this is to signify to the audience that there will be a finale where there's a fight between good and evil. However the teaser doesn't tell us which side will win the fight.
Use Of Sound
Throughout the film there is an immense use of non-diegetic music and the atmosphere is mainly created from the use of the music through the soundtrack. However any one-liners are added into the film, which help the audience align themselves with that characters and to show what kind of personality the character has. At the very beginning of the teaser trailer we are given loud menacing music to introduce the audience to the main character,Mitch. The music is very demonic and un-nerving for the audience. This gives little hints to what Mitch's character is like. The music identifies Mitch to be un-settled and living in his own world. This makes the audience already start to think about what the film is like? Furthermore the music is put here to link Mitch with the music, because the music is very loud and low pitched it can imply that Mitch isn't happy with himself and can't cope.
When the shots fade over each other at the start there is a sharp high pitched noise which resembles a frame changing in a projector room. This can be linked to Mitch's mental state. When the shots change over each other it is right before he goes into a flashback of how his parents died. The non-diegetic sound can be inferred to show that Mitch is un-railed and isn't quiet there. Furthermore it can infer that he isn't thinking straight and isn't in the right frame of mind.
The next significant use of sound is a sound bridge by the character Irene Kennedy. Irene is using dialogue in the trailer and it is being overlapped with other scenes in the trailer. This is used to suggest that Irene is uncovering everything that Mitch has done and also learning about Mitch. Also it can imply that she had a part in most of the scenes that we see while she is speaking. Furthermore because when Irene isn't in the shot when you hear her voice the audience become confused as to who she is and what she has to do with Mitch. creating her as a mystery until we finally see her.
During this scene we hear dialogue from Mitch., however when we hear his voice it sounds distance. This use of sound also implicates to the audience that he is thinking to a past and therefore the scene is a flashback. The use of the sound being kind of drowned out suggest that he is trying to forget this specific memory that he has because it upsets him or because he just doesn't like it. Once the audience hear him speak we start to align ourselves with him because he is just like us. When the flashbacks continue shots become a little faster and every time the shots change a picture noise is heard to signify that they've changed angles and also is links to the theme that Mitch is taking a picture of Katrina.
During the scene when the terrorist is holding up the gun there is a use of diegetic sound that has been enhanced during the editing phase of the movie. The noise that has been enhanced is when the gun is getting reloaded. This is used to symbolize that the shooter is dangerous and is going to reek havoc on the beach. This noise helps the audience identify that Katrina must get injured from a gun shot.
When Mitch is re-watching his flashbacks their is use of non-diegetic sound which helps the audience further understand that he is thinking straight. The noise we hear is like a whirling noise after we hear the gun shot.This symbolizes that hes trying to get himself out of his sad daze and is trying to change what has happened. But obviously you can't go back in time and change the past, therefore hes going to try and change the future y killing him.
The next sound we hear is yet again non-diegetic sound. The sound is incidental music and sounds a little like a heart beat. As the trailer goes on through the action scene that he is doing which is him preparing himself to right of terrorists we can hear that the heart beat is getting faster. Therefore because when we hear the heart beat it is on Mitch we infer that Mitch's heart is racing and he is getting tense and building up the courage to do something. Once Mitch throws a knife at the shooters face on a newspaper the non-diegetic noise which represents Mitch's heart stops this could identify to the audience that once he has taken out the shooter there is no need for him to live anymore or even that when he kills the shooter he himself dies as well.
From here we hear non-diegetic, incidental music literally fall into the trailer. At the same time that this happens we hear a voice over of the character Irene Kennedy, this is called a sound bridge. This is further used to imply to the audience that she will connect him to further scenes of the trailer.
The non-diegetic, incidental music we hear is 'The Answer ft. Big In Japan' This music is very slow but very impacting. The song is very simple which explains what Mitch is like. Furthermore the music is very sad and makes us as the viewers feel sad and have certain opinions on the characters and the events that we will see in the film. Furthermore the music has hints of fast paced music which indicate action and hints of slow paced which hints to death and also suggest to the audience that many people will die.
During the intervals of the verses in the song that is added in we hear diegetic dialogue from Stan. This can be inferred that Stan is exactly like Mitch , hes also living in a daze and can;t fully grip onto reality. Furthermore him living in the middle of nowhere suggests to the audience that he is lonely and paranoid because he keeps guns in his house even though no one lives close to him.
Furthermore some of the music sounds very out of earth. Which further implies that he isn't thinking straight and doesn't have a grip on reality.
During the fighting scene between Mitch and Stan the music continues on until they begin fighting. Once that happens when Stan hits Mitch repetitively the noise is enhanced and more impacting for the audience so they understand Stan's power and aggression and also it shows how he is more dominant than him and has more knowledge. However as Mitch is laying on the floor Stan goes to fake stab him and noise from the song 'the answer' is added in when it makes 'boom' noises to show that Stan can easily kill Mitch.
As the trailer begins to come to an end the non-diegetic music begins to come to an end, however it dramatically speeds up, which infers to the audience that there's going to be a big climax to the film and no one knows ho it will end. Will Mitch die? or will Stan?
the non-diegetic music isn't the only thing we hear there is also a slight beating heart underneath the music.The heart beat is the last thing that we hear when the trailer comes to an end, however the heart beats stops which further foreshadows that someone is going tot die. We also get incidental music at the end of the trailer which sounds very sinister and unearthly.
Captions and Titles
The first caption we see is a big image with big writing saying Lionsgate which is the distribution company. This caption is added as a marketing for the company and also for other films that will me made. Because if you like the film you will think that maybe other Lionsgate films will be good to watch. The image of the captions is the first feel of the actual film. The logo looks very sketchy which can imply that the film is very two sided and is very difficult and complicated. Furthermore the label has also kept to the theme of the film because we see black lines cross over words under the distribution name. This shows that the film is going to be a film based around the american secret service and government.
The next title we see is the production company this caption also uses the same background as the Lionsgate and keeping it to the secret service idea. This helps the audience further understand that the government are not completely honest and keep a lot of detail away from the public.
We then get these images which are also very similar to the previous distribution and production company ones. Except this type we see the names and when the film is going to come out more clearly. This helps grabs the audience attention so they accurately know who is in the film and who to look out for in the film. The names are put by themselves because if you get actor fan bases that like specific movies that they're favorite actors are in. Then they are more likely to come and watch the film and be more interested in it.
Finally the last caption and titles we get are the films names and when the film is coming out. This is used as a final notice to the audience as to what the films called and when the film will come out in the cinemas.
Intended Target Audience
This film is aimed to young teenagers aged 15 and older. It is aimed at this type of audience because it contains mature themes that deal with blood and gore and also violence. Furthermore the film deals with real life situations that are currently happening in the world. The film can also be seen as a deterrent for criminal activity and influencing kids from a young age to not take part in terrorist acts.
Whats wrong with the little boy is the next enigma that the viewers are faced with. Why is the film based on this little boy and his journey growing up? the film is introduced with very gentle music which can arise questions like what kind of film is this going to be? furthermore the music suggests what the little boys character will be like. This is an enigma code because it gets the audience thinking which is one of the main things that teasers wants you to do.
More enigmas are seen when we see a high angle of children in a room. This is an enigma as we see one child kicking her feet about hysterically. Many questions arise like whats wrong with the girl? and why are we seen this from a high angle? This can imply that the film is about us watching Christian and can convey Christian's personality as hysterical and bipolar.
Another shot that creates a list of questions that the viewers have is this over the shoulder shot of older Christian's. In this shot we are shown an image of a mixture of faces. This makes the audience question Christian's mental state of mind.Furthermore we see Christian's face in a small mirror and he isn't showing any emotions, this further implies a lot about his character that the audience question like why he is so plain and showing no emotions?
Another shot that we are confronted with is this close up of a singular cutlery set. This creates questions because we a wonder if he is alone? if so then why? why has he only got one set of cutlery? This question help interest the audience and make them more interested in the movie when it comes out. This also interests the audience as this enigma code is mystery as we are confused as to why there's only one set and not many more which can suggest isolation.
We are then shown a point of vie shot of younger Christian attack some boys. This makes the audience confused as we don't know why he is hitting these kids. Furthermore we see that the dad is with him too. Why is the dad letting this happen? What have these other kids done to Christian?
The last shot we see of people in it s a zoom in to the older Christian. This creates and enigma code of why is he standing like that? what kind of work does he do?Why is everything so neat? and lastly why has the teaser ended like this?
This further gives a sense of mystery to the audience as they are unaware of what will happen and what the film has to do with Christian. These enigmas are key to a teaser trailer as it encourages some viewers to look more in to detail and debug the whole trailer to get more information. This also excites the viewers for the official trailer and the film itself.
The first shot we see is a closeup of Christian's dad in the front seat of a stationary car.He is talking to Christian who is in the back of the car. The colour of the shot is very neutral with cold blue tones, this implies that the dad is very senseless and doesn't have many emotions. While he is in the car you hear the dad lecturing Chris about fighting a couple of boys that have been bullying him. This shows that his dad is fighter because he wants his kids to grow up knowing how to fight people off. Furthermore this can also infer that the dad is caring as he wants his son, who has something wrong with him to be able to stand up for himself. However the teaser suggest that Christian is looking back on this specific event. This can further suggest that he is fond of this memory with his dad or it can imply that he doesn't understand why his dad made him do.This shows that the dad isn't very empathetic towards his son.
During this medium, close up we see him hugging the younger Christian, We can see that Christian isn't very happy and can't control his emotions. However the dad is holding him back and holding him close to him. This further implies that the dad is very caring and cares for his son a lot.
More is also suggested from this scene as we see what the dad is wearing. He has an army uniform on this gives a lot off about what his personality is like. This coveys that he is cold blooded and is also very obedient and follows orders and gives orders. The fact that he is in the army can imply that he gives his son orders and maybe even his wife because we hardly see her.
Ray King, (J.K. Simmons)
This is also another minor character that we infer to be very high up in the government as the first shot we see of him he is sitting in the white house in his own office.
The Shot is a medium, over the shoulder shot looking at him while he talks to a woman. In the back ground of the shot we see the american image which shows that he is very proud of his country and also that he is a proud man in general and that he strives to beat his targets. During the whole teaser there are only two scenes in he teaser that he is in, This is this one and another one where he is walking through someones back yard.
That scene shows that he is a boss because hes walking around watching over all FBI agents while they search the back yard and the house. He is wearing black leather gloves which imply that he is rich and earns a lot of money and he has also got a long tweed material coat on. This can suggest that hes old and very experienced in his job. Furthermore the way he walks further suggests that hes old and maybe washed out, because he doesn't get very involved with his work and furthermore because in the trailer you never see a scene where you think that he is close to catching a criminal.
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The shots after are of a shooter pointing a gun in what the audience presume to be Katrina's direction and therefore we put one and two together.
Katrina's character is an enigma to the audience and not a lot is known about her.
3. The shooter
4. Irene Kennedy, (Sanaa Lathan)
We see this character 40 seconds into the trailer. The shot we see is a medium shot of her in the center of the screen. The first look at her appearance suggests that shes very high up in her career because she dressed smartly and looks very successful and elegant. Furthermore the colour of the walls behind her are blue. The colour blue implies loyalty and truth. This conveys that she is very trustworthy and this shot helps align the audience with her because they know trust her because the colours imply to us that we should.
Furthermore from the continue on of the trailer we realize she is speaking with Mitch, which coveys that they are both going to work together and that they both trust each other.
5. Stan Hurley,(Micheal Keaton)
Stan Hurley in the trailer is represented to be a hit man. who goes and help Mitch become a killer to find the guy that killed his girlfriend.
This is a close up of Stan talking to Mitch. During this shot in the trailer the way Stan talks to Mitch it is very intimidating as if before Stan has actually met Mitch he doesn't like him. Stan talks looking directly at Mitch and never moves his eyes away from Mitch. This shot also makes the audience feel uneasy around Stan because he is intimidating us. Moreover Stan talks to Mitch like hes a child and he treats him like a child when he speaks to him.
Editing and Camera Techniques.
The very first thing we see as we play the teaser trailer is the film productions company label, this only last a couple of seconds and goes straight into a close up of the first character, who is Mitch. The shot is a close-up of Mitch, which is very rare in trailers, normally film makers do long shots of the characters so you can see all of them.However because it is a close up the director has choose this shot type for a reason, which may be so the audience don't fully understand Mitch. Furthermore the camera starts close into his face and a zoom out is done. The zoom out is used to clarify to the audience that hes not in the right mind and isn't thinking about what hes doing. More over the zoom also implies that the further we get away from him the more we will know about him and we will learn everything about him.
The editing to the next scene is very sharp and the outside of the shot is in darkness which implies that it is one of his flashbacks. Furthermore the cut getting into his flash back is very shaky which implies that he is not comfortable with his memories and he hasn't had a happy life.
The outer ring around the shot also explains Mitch's passed as being unlucky and always surrounded by darkness. This type of editing gives the film a mysterious, sinister vibe. The genre is clearly shown through the editing techniques and the camera shot because at the moment the main shot we have got is a close up. This is used so the audience can only know a bit about the film and the characters leaving everything else as a mystery.
During the middle of the trailer when Mitch is preparing himself for a 'mission' the pace of the editing is very fast which shows the frantic behavior that Mitch has. Fast paced editing also symbolizes action and fighting which we can infer is definitely going to happen because Mitch is preparing just for that.
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During the beach scene when Mitch is trying to find his girlfriend on the beach there are a lot of dissolves within the shots. This further used to show the mayhem in the scenes. Also the shot is a medium, tracking shot following his movement so its as if the audience are moving with him. Furthermore the dissolve over the original image suggests that Mitch is living in a daze.
In the teaser trailer, an editing technique called slow motion is included when Mitch is shooting his gun at a target. The slow motion is used to give a dramatic effect to the audience . It is used so the audience have longer to look at the specific scene and in this case to identify how fast bullets are.
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The next couple of shots withing the trailer move at a slow pace to show that Mitch is gradually working his way up to complete his mission. Furthermore it suggests that he is still planning out his mission and also taking to to make sure that everything will be right and in order. This say a lot for Mitch's characters persona because it illustrates him to be a careful well prepared man.
When the teaser trailer starts to come to the end the pace of the editing yet again speeds up this is to signify to the audience that there will be a finale where there's a fight between good and evil. However the teaser doesn't tell us which side will win the fight.
Use Of Sound
Throughout the film there is an immense use of non-diegetic music and the atmosphere is mainly created from the use of the music through the soundtrack. However any one-liners are added into the film, which help the audience align themselves with that characters and to show what kind of personality the character has. At the very beginning of the teaser trailer we are given loud menacing music to introduce the audience to the main character,Mitch. The music is very demonic and un-nerving for the audience. This gives little hints to what Mitch's character is like. The music identifies Mitch to be un-settled and living in his own world. This makes the audience already start to think about what the film is like? Furthermore the music is put here to link Mitch with the music, because the music is very loud and low pitched it can imply that Mitch isn't happy with himself and can't cope.
When the shots fade over each other at the start there is a sharp high pitched noise which resembles a frame changing in a projector room. This can be linked to Mitch's mental state. When the shots change over each other it is right before he goes into a flashback of how his parents died. The non-diegetic sound can be inferred to show that Mitch is un-railed and isn't quiet there. Furthermore it can infer that he isn't thinking straight and isn't in the right frame of mind.
The next significant use of sound is a sound bridge by the character Irene Kennedy. Irene is using dialogue in the trailer and it is being overlapped with other scenes in the trailer. This is used to suggest that Irene is uncovering everything that Mitch has done and also learning about Mitch. Also it can imply that she had a part in most of the scenes that we see while she is speaking. Furthermore because when Irene isn't in the shot when you hear her voice the audience become confused as to who she is and what she has to do with Mitch. creating her as a mystery until we finally see her.
During this scene we hear dialogue from Mitch., however when we hear his voice it sounds distance. This use of sound also implicates to the audience that he is thinking to a past and therefore the scene is a flashback. The use of the sound being kind of drowned out suggest that he is trying to forget this specific memory that he has because it upsets him or because he just doesn't like it. Once the audience hear him speak we start to align ourselves with him because he is just like us. When the flashbacks continue shots become a little faster and every time the shots change a picture noise is heard to signify that they've changed angles and also is links to the theme that Mitch is taking a picture of Katrina.
When Mitch is re-watching his flashbacks their is use of non-diegetic sound which helps the audience further understand that he is thinking straight. The noise we hear is like a whirling noise after we hear the gun shot.This symbolizes that hes trying to get himself out of his sad daze and is trying to change what has happened. But obviously you can't go back in time and change the past, therefore hes going to try and change the future y killing him.
The next sound we hear is yet again non-diegetic sound. The sound is incidental music and sounds a little like a heart beat. As the trailer goes on through the action scene that he is doing which is him preparing himself to right of terrorists we can hear that the heart beat is getting faster. Therefore because when we hear the heart beat it is on Mitch we infer that Mitch's heart is racing and he is getting tense and building up the courage to do something. Once Mitch throws a knife at the shooters face on a newspaper the non-diegetic noise which represents Mitch's heart stops this could identify to the audience that once he has taken out the shooter there is no need for him to live anymore or even that when he kills the shooter he himself dies as well.
From here we hear non-diegetic, incidental music literally fall into the trailer. At the same time that this happens we hear a voice over of the character Irene Kennedy, this is called a sound bridge. This is further used to imply to the audience that she will connect him to further scenes of the trailer.
The non-diegetic, incidental music we hear is 'The Answer ft. Big In Japan' This music is very slow but very impacting. The song is very simple which explains what Mitch is like. Furthermore the music is very sad and makes us as the viewers feel sad and have certain opinions on the characters and the events that we will see in the film. Furthermore the music has hints of fast paced music which indicate action and hints of slow paced which hints to death and also suggest to the audience that many people will die.
During the intervals of the verses in the song that is added in we hear diegetic dialogue from Stan. This can be inferred that Stan is exactly like Mitch , hes also living in a daze and can;t fully grip onto reality. Furthermore him living in the middle of nowhere suggests to the audience that he is lonely and paranoid because he keeps guns in his house even though no one lives close to him.
Furthermore some of the music sounds very out of earth. Which further implies that he isn't thinking straight and doesn't have a grip on reality.
As the trailer begins to come to an end the non-diegetic music begins to come to an end, however it dramatically speeds up, which infers to the audience that there's going to be a big climax to the film and no one knows ho it will end. Will Mitch die? or will Stan?
the non-diegetic music isn't the only thing we hear there is also a slight beating heart underneath the music.The heart beat is the last thing that we hear when the trailer comes to an end, however the heart beats stops which further foreshadows that someone is going tot die. We also get incidental music at the end of the trailer which sounds very sinister and unearthly.
Captions and Titles
The next title we see is the production company this caption also uses the same background as the Lionsgate and keeping it to the secret service idea. This helps the audience further understand that the government are not completely honest and keep a lot of detail away from the public.
Finally the last caption and titles we get are the films names and when the film is coming out. This is used as a final notice to the audience as to what the films called and when the film will come out in the cinemas.
Intended Target Audience
This film is aimed to young teenagers aged 15 and older. It is aimed at this type of audience because it contains mature themes that deal with blood and gore and also violence. Furthermore the film deals with real life situations that are currently happening in the world. The film can also be seen as a deterrent for criminal activity and influencing kids from a young age to not take part in terrorist acts.
The accountant, directed by
Gavin O'Connor, 2016
Narrative
The accountant is a 2016 crime thriller film about a young boy, Chris, with a high functioning form of autism. Chris and his brother Braxton are left with their military dad after their mother leaves them. The dad then embarks in raising them as fighters which in future life leads Chris on to becoming an assassin. To keep his cover though Chris becomes an accountant and finds something very suspicious in a company's cataloged which results in the boss to be killed.
Enigma Codes
The teaser trailer is 2 minutes and 21 seconds long and contains many enigmas which help the viewers to establish what the film is going to be like and what the characters are going to be like.
Straight from the start of the teaser trailer we are introduced to a bunch of enigmas. the first one being why is there a car n the middle of nowhere? In the first scene there is no noise apart from the window washers. This identifies to the audience that the car is in the middle of nowhere, if so then why?
Whats wrong with the little boy is the next enigma that the viewers are faced with. Why is the film based on this little boy and his journey growing up? the film is introduced with very gentle music which can arise questions like what kind of film is this going to be? furthermore the music suggests what the little boys character will be like. This is an enigma code because it gets the audience thinking which is one of the main things that teasers wants you to do.More enigmas are seen when we see a high angle of children in a room. This is an enigma as we see one child kicking her feet about hysterically. Many questions arise like whats wrong with the girl? and why are we seen this from a high angle? This can imply that the film is about us watching Christian and can convey Christian's personality as hysterical and bipolar.
Another shot that we are confronted with is this close up of a singular cutlery set. This creates questions because we a wonder if he is alone? if so then why? why has he only got one set of cutlery? This question help interest the audience and make them more interested in the movie when it comes out. This also interests the audience as this enigma code is mystery as we are confused as to why there's only one set and not many more which can suggest isolation.
We are then shown a point of vie shot of younger Christian attack some boys. This makes the audience confused as we don't know why he is hitting these kids. Furthermore we see that the dad is with him too. Why is the dad letting this happen? What have these other kids done to Christian?
This further gives a sense of mystery to the audience as they are unaware of what will happen and what the film has to do with Christian. These enigmas are key to a teaser trailer as it encourages some viewers to look more in to detail and debug the whole trailer to get more information. This also excites the viewers for the official trailer and the film itself.
Character Establishments
1. Christian Wolf, (Ben Affleck)
The first shot we see of Christian is when he is younger, he is played by Seth Lee. We see him in a medium shot in the back of a car. He has his arms crossed and has his hood up. This suggests that his character is very childish as whenever you see people do this they are children. This is also a first image of what Christian looks like, which helps the audience align with him. Furthermore Christian being a child at first glance helps align him with us because we feel sorry for children and feel like we have to take care of them and protect them. Furthermore the colouring of the shot is very blue which suggest isolation and also sadness.
The next image that we get of Christian is when he is older. We see a close up of the camera looking directly down at Christian staring up at the sky. This implies that Christian's is living in the clouds and isn't thinking straight. It also identifies him as being secluded and isolates himself from the world as he likes quiet and calming places. In addition you see a first glance of what his older self is like and how he's changed since he was a child. He is wearing clothes which resemble someone that hunts which describes his personality as being someone who strives to hit his target. The noise that accompanies him thinking of the past, to be precise maybe the previous scene of him being in the back seat of his dads car.
via GIPHY
We then get a quick montage of Christian as a young child and also an adult. This shows the audience that he is still the same controlling person who has to get everything right. This explains that when he puts his mind to something he does it and doesn't quit till hes finished. Furthermore the fact that it goes from him doing a puzzle to older Christian thinking, suggest he lives in the past and that he is always thinking back to his childhood. This can infer that his childhood maybe wasn't that good and that's why hes looking back on it to see what it was like.
This over the shoulder shot at Christian looking in the mirror tells the audience a lot about Christian's character. In the image we see a small mirror that can barely fit all of Christians face in it. Below the mirror we a poster of 6 faces which show emotion. This poster is normally seen in schools where it shows the kids their behavior and they should act and react to certain situations. Furthermore the room that his in is very bland and plain which suggest that he hasn't got an explosive personality, that he is a simple man. Also the lack of any kind of colour or objects infer that he is lonely and isolates himself from the world.
The first shot we see of Christian is when he is younger, he is played by Seth Lee. We see him in a medium shot in the back of a car. He has his arms crossed and has his hood up. This suggests that his character is very childish as whenever you see people do this they are children. This is also a first image of what Christian looks like, which helps the audience align with him. Furthermore Christian being a child at first glance helps align him with us because we feel sorry for children and feel like we have to take care of them and protect them. Furthermore the colouring of the shot is very blue which suggest isolation and also sadness.
The next image that we get of Christian is when he is older. We see a close up of the camera looking directly down at Christian staring up at the sky. This implies that Christian's is living in the clouds and isn't thinking straight. It also identifies him as being secluded and isolates himself from the world as he likes quiet and calming places. In addition you see a first glance of what his older self is like and how he's changed since he was a child. He is wearing clothes which resemble someone that hunts which describes his personality as being someone who strives to hit his target. The noise that accompanies him thinking of the past, to be precise maybe the previous scene of him being in the back seat of his dads car.
via GIPHY
We then get a quick montage of Christian as a young child and also an adult. This shows the audience that he is still the same controlling person who has to get everything right. This explains that when he puts his mind to something he does it and doesn't quit till hes finished. Furthermore the fact that it goes from him doing a puzzle to older Christian thinking, suggest he lives in the past and that he is always thinking back to his childhood. This can infer that his childhood maybe wasn't that good and that's why hes looking back on it to see what it was like.
All of a sudden we see a different side to Christian. We get a medium, long shot of Christian leaving what looks like a secret gun room. This suggests that Christian is very secretive and also hides himself away from the world.This can also infer that he is prepared for anything and everything.This could imply that hes a cold blooded killer because he has a lot of guns and guns resemble death and murder.
Throughout the whole teaser trailer you hardly see Christian with someone which can further imply that he is lonely and purposefully isolates himself from the world.
2.Christian's father,
Christian's father is seen to be a minor character in the teaser trailer, as not much of him is seen. However what we do see of him doesn't give much away but the audience do start to get more of an idea of who he is and what hes like to Christian.
Throughout the whole teaser trailer you hardly see Christian with someone which can further imply that he is lonely and purposefully isolates himself from the world.
2.Christian's father,
Christian's father is seen to be a minor character in the teaser trailer, as not much of him is seen. However what we do see of him doesn't give much away but the audience do start to get more of an idea of who he is and what hes like to Christian.
The first shot we see is a closeup of Christian's dad in the front seat of a stationary car.He is talking to Christian who is in the back of the car. The colour of the shot is very neutral with cold blue tones, this implies that the dad is very senseless and doesn't have many emotions. While he is in the car you hear the dad lecturing Chris about fighting a couple of boys that have been bullying him. This shows that his dad is fighter because he wants his kids to grow up knowing how to fight people off. Furthermore this can also infer that the dad is caring as he wants his son, who has something wrong with him to be able to stand up for himself. However the teaser suggest that Christian is looking back on this specific event. This can further suggest that he is fond of this memory with his dad or it can imply that he doesn't understand why his dad made him do.This shows that the dad isn't very empathetic towards his son.
During this medium, close up we see him hugging the younger Christian, We can see that Christian isn't very happy and can't control his emotions. However the dad is holding him back and holding him close to him. This further implies that the dad is very caring and cares for his son a lot.
More is also suggested from this scene as we see what the dad is wearing. He has an army uniform on this gives a lot off about what his personality is like. This coveys that he is cold blooded and is also very obedient and follows orders and gives orders. The fact that he is in the army can imply that he gives his son orders and maybe even his wife because we hardly see her.
Ray King, (J.K. Simmons)
This is also another minor character that we infer to be very high up in the government as the first shot we see of him he is sitting in the white house in his own office.
The Shot is a medium, over the shoulder shot looking at him while he talks to a woman. In the back ground of the shot we see the american image which shows that he is very proud of his country and also that he is a proud man in general and that he strives to beat his targets. During the whole teaser there are only two scenes in he teaser that he is in, This is this one and another one where he is walking through someones back yard.
Editing and Camera Techniques
The first thing we see when we watch the teaser trailer is the distribution label, which is Warner Bros. This is used at the beginning to promote the distribution label and also inform the audience that this is another film from them. This can bring fans over from other films made by them making the film a bigger hit.
The teaser then goes to a long shot of a rusty old car in an alley way. This is used to convey isolation and the colour tone of the scene is very cold which can infer, depression or sadness. This is a good shot because it is also an establishing to show the audience where everything starts. To get into the shot the editing is a fade to black from the distribution label to a cut to the establishing shot. We then cut to a close up of Christian in the back seat looking out of the back window. This shot establishes a main character and therefore the close up is used so we get a good look at what he looks like and what hes like. Swiftly the shot cuts to a shot reverse shot of his dad. This shot is also a close up, however we only see him from the side which can imply that he has two different personalities.
The teaser then goes to a long shot of a rusty old car in an alley way. This is used to convey isolation and the colour tone of the scene is very cold which can infer, depression or sadness. This is a good shot because it is also an establishing to show the audience where everything starts. To get into the shot the editing is a fade to black from the distribution label to a cut to the establishing shot. We then cut to a close up of Christian in the back seat looking out of the back window. This shot establishes a main character and therefore the close up is used so we get a good look at what he looks like and what hes like. Swiftly the shot cuts to a shot reverse shot of his dad. This shot is also a close up, however we only see him from the side which can imply that he has two different personalities.
The next shot we get is very interesting as it is a close fade of a rear view mirror. In the mirror we see Christian looking at the round. This is used to show the audience that the dad is talking to Christian and that this is how the dad is looking at Christians reaction. Furthermore this can also infer that the dad doesn't pay full attention to him and turns his back on him a little. From this shot we cut to a close up zoom in to the older christian. From this shot we can identify that the young boy was this man in the past and therefore also implying that hes looking back on this time and thinking about it in detail. This is suggested by the zoom, which implies that he's thinking deeper and deeper into what was happening in the past. From there we get an editing skill called an eye line match where the camera cuts to what the person looking at. We then go back and forth from young christian to older christian this is used to show the difference between them and to also show how much he's grown.
via GIPHY
We then go to a short montage of us learning about Christian. We see a lot about Christian and a lot of shots are used during this montage.The first shot we get is a close up of a jig-saw puzzle getting tipped out onto a table, The next shot we see is a point of view shot of Christians dad looking at everyone in the room. The room is very open and child friendly, the colours are also very neutral and are calming . We then see a close up of Christian tapping his fingers on the table. The tapping can imply that he is very fidgety and that he has a tic, from a mental disorder which helps him calm down. In the whole trailer we always see a close up of Christians face which further implies that the film is about him and we are going to learn about who he is and what he does.
via GIPHY
We then go to a short montage of us learning about Christian. We see a lot about Christian and a lot of shots are used during this montage.The first shot we get is a close up of a jig-saw puzzle getting tipped out onto a table, The next shot we see is a point of view shot of Christians dad looking at everyone in the room. The room is very open and child friendly, the colours are also very neutral and are calming . We then see a close up of Christian tapping his fingers on the table. The tapping can imply that he is very fidgety and that he has a tic, from a mental disorder which helps him calm down. In the whole trailer we always see a close up of Christians face which further implies that the film is about him and we are going to learn about who he is and what he does.
via GIPHY
The next shot we get is a zooming to Christian sitting on the bed with his eyes closed. We then cut to younger him making the puzzle this can symbolize That older Christian is putting together different parts of his story and trying to show us. The Camera zooms into Christian this is used to show the concentration of Christian and it also implies that he is in his own world and can't keep his feet on the floor. This suggests that his mind moves a lot, which suggest that he can't think straight and finds it hard to think about one thing at a time.
During this scene we see a medium shot of the dad and Christian on the floor. The camera shot is very shaky which can imply that its a very disturbing period in Christians childhood. Furthermore the colouring is very dull and the shot is a bit blurry which further establishes that he's looking back into his past and he doesn't like that specific time in his life.
We get another two different shot types in the trailer. One of them being a birds eye view shot of the white house, this is used to suggest to the audience that the character s very high up in his job and it also identifies to the audience where the next couple of shots will be. Our next shot that we see is a pan around Christian when he shooting a gun. This shot is used to identify to the audience that this is what Christian does and having this type of shot in the trailer encourages the audience to watch the film because it is a weird shot type.
All these different types of shots and editing techniques really attract the audience to watch the film because it makes the film look diverse and interesting.
Use Of Sound
During the whole teaser trailer the sound is used to give the audience a mystery affect to the whole theme and to tell the audience that there's a lot that you need to learn bout the characters and certain scenes in the trailer. The very start of the trailer begins with the distributor logo, whilst this is playing we get a weird noise that sounds like it's getting drowned out by something. The sound is like a record player being played on repeat over and over again. The sound then continues on with the fist shot of the trailer. This is called a sound bridge, the noise is diegetic noise and we discover that it is actually the noise of window wipers on a car. Furthermore the rain drops can now be heard, This noise can symbolize that the people in the car are on their own ad it does suggest by the image that they're in an isolated environment. Furthermore the fact that the noise of the window wipers being drowned out suggest that the characters aren't down to earth and are thinking about something else.
Once we get a close up of our character Christian the noise of the window wipers fades out a little more and the noise has a much more deeper tone.This can imply that it is Christian who is in his own world and cant get out.
The next thing we hear is diegetic sound which is dialogue, we see this when the shot cuts to the dad who is in the front seat. When the dad is speaking the dads voice yet again sound bridges into another shot which conveys that the boys in the next shot have something to do with what he's trying to tell Christian. The dads voice is very clear and you can hear it over everything else happening in the background of the trailer.
Going through into the next shot the trailer we yet again get another sound bridge of the window wipers this is now non-diegetic sound as you can't hear the noise naturally in the scene that the actors in. The noise however implies that he is thinking and concentrating on that specific time of his life. Furthermore the noise sounds intimidating suggesting that it wasn't a very happy time. In addition the noise also implies to the audience that hes thinking back and the scene of his dad talking to him is a flash back.
The non-diegetic noise of the window wipers is then cut when Christian pours the jigsaw puzzle onto the table. Once this happens we get non-diegetic, incidental music. The music is very mysterious and also sounds like its from a game which implies that Christian is playing wife life and further adds to the fact that he think this is all a game and that hes not part of this world, he's part of a fantasy animated world.
Furthermore during a close up of Christians fingers tapping on the table we get diegetic noise of them, however the noise has been enhanced and is louder to convey to the audience that he finds it hard to focus and it also foreshadows that hes intelligent because in many films intelligent people have been shown to do this type of thing. Furthermore very powerful people do this kind of movement as well,this gives the audience a taste of what his personality is about.
Furthermore through the use of dialogue in a scene we hear one oftentimes say that Christian has a lot in common with Mozart and Picasso this further tells the audience that hes very intelligent and also creative.
The next thing we hear in detail is the song being played over the top which in non-diegetic noise, as it has been added in during the editing stage. The song says "Everything" which could suggest that maybe he knows everything and the film is about everything hes been through and his life story form the beginning to present time. The song also can imply that hes smart because to know everything is knowledge and the song slightly hints at the fact that he knows a lot. In addition the song also speeds up as the trailer goes on, as does the speed of the editing. Furthermore the songs repeats itself just like at the beginning of the film which further suggests that hes looking back on his past and reliving it.
Going along with the music you hear a voice-over of two people talking to each other about Christian. This can signify that Christian is very aware of his surroundings and is intuitive . When we go to the next shot we see a finished puzzle of Mohammed Ali. Once the final piece is placed in there's a non-diegetic sound which gives the effect that it's finished that bit of the puzzle fixed.
From the scene right at the beginning the sound comes back around to the window wipers moving however the noise is much faster now which also can tell the audience what Christians state of mind is like and that it's frantic and moving fast. This can also further infer that hes intelligent because it can suggest that his brain works fast and he is very quick.
As the music gets faster and faster we notice that in the shots there are guns and violence which show that the film is action packed and includes a lot of violence and maybe even deaths. In addition even though the song is playing over the top key details are heard to show to the audience what kind of personality that he has and that all the other characters have. Furthermore it also gives the film an overall summary as key sounds help pull the film together.
Just before the trailer ends, the music stops and we get a final look at who and what Christian and what he does. This helps give a final idea of what the movie will be like and also pulls the audience in to which more.
Lastly the diegetic and non-diegetic sounds in the teaser trailer help attract an audience and also give an opinion on what the film will be like.
Once we get a close up of our character Christian the noise of the window wipers fades out a little more and the noise has a much more deeper tone.This can imply that it is Christian who is in his own world and cant get out.
The next thing we hear is diegetic sound which is dialogue, we see this when the shot cuts to the dad who is in the front seat. When the dad is speaking the dads voice yet again sound bridges into another shot which conveys that the boys in the next shot have something to do with what he's trying to tell Christian. The dads voice is very clear and you can hear it over everything else happening in the background of the trailer.
Going through into the next shot the trailer we yet again get another sound bridge of the window wipers this is now non-diegetic sound as you can't hear the noise naturally in the scene that the actors in. The noise however implies that he is thinking and concentrating on that specific time of his life. Furthermore the noise sounds intimidating suggesting that it wasn't a very happy time. In addition the noise also implies to the audience that hes thinking back and the scene of his dad talking to him is a flash back.
The non-diegetic noise of the window wipers is then cut when Christian pours the jigsaw puzzle onto the table. Once this happens we get non-diegetic, incidental music. The music is very mysterious and also sounds like its from a game which implies that Christian is playing wife life and further adds to the fact that he think this is all a game and that hes not part of this world, he's part of a fantasy animated world.
Furthermore during a close up of Christians fingers tapping on the table we get diegetic noise of them, however the noise has been enhanced and is louder to convey to the audience that he finds it hard to focus and it also foreshadows that hes intelligent because in many films intelligent people have been shown to do this type of thing. Furthermore very powerful people do this kind of movement as well,this gives the audience a taste of what his personality is about.
Furthermore through the use of dialogue in a scene we hear one oftentimes say that Christian has a lot in common with Mozart and Picasso this further tells the audience that hes very intelligent and also creative.
The next thing we hear in detail is the song being played over the top which in non-diegetic noise, as it has been added in during the editing stage. The song says "Everything" which could suggest that maybe he knows everything and the film is about everything hes been through and his life story form the beginning to present time. The song also can imply that hes smart because to know everything is knowledge and the song slightly hints at the fact that he knows a lot. In addition the song also speeds up as the trailer goes on, as does the speed of the editing. Furthermore the songs repeats itself just like at the beginning of the film which further suggests that hes looking back on his past and reliving it.
Going along with the music you hear a voice-over of two people talking to each other about Christian. This can signify that Christian is very aware of his surroundings and is intuitive . When we go to the next shot we see a finished puzzle of Mohammed Ali. Once the final piece is placed in there's a non-diegetic sound which gives the effect that it's finished that bit of the puzzle fixed.
From the scene right at the beginning the sound comes back around to the window wipers moving however the noise is much faster now which also can tell the audience what Christians state of mind is like and that it's frantic and moving fast. This can also further infer that hes intelligent because it can suggest that his brain works fast and he is very quick.
As the music gets faster and faster we notice that in the shots there are guns and violence which show that the film is action packed and includes a lot of violence and maybe even deaths. In addition even though the song is playing over the top key details are heard to show to the audience what kind of personality that he has and that all the other characters have. Furthermore it also gives the film an overall summary as key sounds help pull the film together.
Just before the trailer ends, the music stops and we get a final look at who and what Christian and what he does. This helps give a final idea of what the movie will be like and also pulls the audience in to which more.
Lastly the diegetic and non-diegetic sounds in the teaser trailer help attract an audience and also give an opinion on what the film will be like.
Captions and Titles
Captions and titles help inform the audience as to what the film is called, when it will be released and big actors that are in the film.
via GIPHY
The viewers are uniquely introduced to the Distribution company which is Warner Bros. They've gone with the puzzle theme which is seen during the teaser when Christian finished the boxer puzzle. This shows that the film is piecing together something and once we watch the trailer we have an idea that its piecing together Christians life. This further implies that the films is a mystery, a puzzle, for the audience that they have to solve.
via GIPHY
During this we see all the actors introduced, their names appear one at a time.in the same cool blue tone that's used for the distributor. The cool blue implies what themes the film will involve. Therefore suggesting that the film will be cold and involve a lot of death and also mystery. Then we see shown what the film is called with the jig-saw puzzle back ground.
Intended Target Audience
The film is aimed towards teenagers of all ages. This is because the film will interest them and doesn't involve many gory themes. There is no blood spatter or violent death scenes. However there are scenes of people dying from bullets and hand combat. The film also deals with many difficult mature subjects, for example death being one of them. However the way they kill them is what is difficult and can be seen as challenging to understand. The intended target audience is young tens because they are the ones that are most interested in killing games and therefore will be influenced to watch this film as they think it will also be interesting.
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